There are approximately 25,000 men newly diagnosed with prostate cancer
every year in the United Kingdom. For these men the risk of dying from
their prostate cancer depends on a number of risk factors. For example
if the cancer is confined to the prostate gland at diagnosis the chance
of surviving to 5 years is 70%. If the cancer has already spread e.g.
to the bones then only 20% of men will survive to five years. Of all
the men who currently have prostate cancer in the UK approximately
10,000 will die of the disease each year. The prostate cancer survival
rate is much higher in the developed world - unsurprisingly.
When a man is first diagnosed with prostate cancer then the doctor who
has found the cancer (most often a “urologist” – a surgeon who
specialises in looking after problems to do with the kidneys, prostate
and bladder) will arrange a series of tests to help assess the risk for
that individual patient. The results of these tests will in turn help
the doctor and patient to decide the best treatment for that patient.
Prostate Cancer Tests to Help Predict Survival
1. Prostate Specific Antigen or PSA
2. Digital Rectal Examination or DRE
3. Trans-rectal Ultrasound and Biopsy
4. CT or MRI Scan
5. Bone Scan
PSA
This is a protein made by the prostate gland which can be measured on a
sample of your blood i.e. a blood test. The PSA level can be raised by
non cancerous problems with the prostate gland i.e. not all men who
have a raised PSA have prostate cancer. Also some men who have prostate
cancer will not have a raised PSA. However PSA does tend to increase as
prostate cancers grow, invade and spread so PSA can be used to monitor
how a prostate cancer is progressing or how it is responding to
treatments.
DRE
This is where a doctor feels the prostate gland through the back
passage. It tells the doctor how big the prostate gland is, whether the
cancer is able to be felt easily and whether it has invaded the area
near by.
Tran-Rectal Ultrasound and Biopsy
For this test you need to lie on your side with your knees brought up
into the chest (same position as for a DRE). An ultrasound probe is
then inserted into the back passage. This enables the doctor to see on
a screen the outline of the prostate gland. There is no radiation
involved. The image on the screen then allows the doctor to insert a
needle safely into the prostate gland to take some samples of the
prostate tissue. Usually several samples are taken from each area of
the prostate gland. These samples are then sent to a laboratory to be
looked at under a microscope. This allows confirmation that there is
prostate cancer present and tells us how aggressive the cancer looks.
Sometimes a local anaesthetic is used to help make the procedure more
comfortable.
CT or MRI Scan
This is usually carried out in an x-ray department and involves lying
still on a thin couch which moves through either a big donut (CT) or
into a long tunnel (MRI). This is not painful in any way. The pictures
gained from this test helps the doctors to see whether the prostate
cancer is still within the prostate gland or whether it had started to
invade out of the gland into other surrounding structures. This tells
the doctor what “stage” the prostate cancer is.
Bone Scan
This requires you to have an injection and then to lie on a special
table where a camera scans the whole body. It shows up whether any of
the bones in the body have been affected by the prostate cancer i.e.
whether the prostate cancer has spread to the bones.
Prostate Cancer Stage and Survival
The stage of prostate cancer describes how far the cancer has grown and
spread. It is assessed by a mixture of DRE and CT/MRI scans.
T1 Stage
This is very early prostate cancer which can only be seen under a
microscope. At this stage the cancer would not cause any symptoms. Men
with this stage are at low risk from their disease may not need any
treatment but surveillance. The original cause of a prostate cancer
problem can be difficult to diagnose.
T2 Stage
This is early prostate cancer but is now big enough to be felt by a
doctor on DRE. This may still not have caused any symptoms. This is
most often cured if treatment is undertaken at this stage and about 70%
of men are still alive after 5 years i.e. average length of survival
from diagnosis is well over 5 years.
T3 Stage
This is locally advanced prostate cancer which has started to extend
and invade outside of the prostate gland. This stage would often cause
bladder symptoms in men. By this stage in the disease the chance of
cure with treatments is reduced however survival is often around five
years.
T4 Stage
This is more advanced prostate cancer which invades the structures
around the gland. At this stage there are often already secondaries
e.g. bone metastases. If the disease has spread it is usually incurable
but may be controlled for some time. The average survival is between 1
and 3 years.
Predicting Survival in Prostate Cancer
Doctors use a combination of risk factors to predict the behaviour of
prostate cancer but cancers do not always act as expected. The factors
they consider include the cancer stage (see above), the age of the
patient, the PSA level and how quickly it is rising, and the Gleason
Score. The Gleason score is a marker of how aggressive the cancer looks
under the microscope and how much of the gland is affected by cancer.
Adrian Jones has a personal interest in promoting awareness and
self-help in dealing with several forms of cancer. This article is from
his website dealing with prostate cancer and prostate cancer treatments. He writes on other forms of cancer, including colon cancer.
This article is available for reprint for your website and/or
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